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Renault introduced the 2.0 IDE (Injection Direct Essence) engine in 1999, first on the Renault Megane and later on the Renault Laguna. Rather than following the lean burn approach, Renault's design uses high ratios of exhaust gas recirculation to improve economy at low engine loads, with direct injection allowing the fuel to be concentrated around the spark.[12]
Toyota introduced direct injection engine D4 (Toyota AZ engine) in 2000 Toyota Avensis. Toyota's 2GR-FSE V6 uses a combination of direct and indirect injection. It uses two injectors per cylinder, a traditional port injector and a new direct injector.
Later GDi engines have been tuned and marketed for their high performance. Volkswagen/Audi introduced their GDi engine in 2000, under the product name Fuel Stratified Injection (FSI), the technology adapted from Audi's Le Mans prototype racecar. Volkswagen Group marques uses direct injection in its 2.0 L 16 valve Turbocharged and naturally aspirated four cylinder engines.
Alfa Romeo introduced their first direct injection engine JTS (Jet Thrust Stoichiometric) in 2002,[13] and today the technology is used on almost every Alfa Romeo engine.
BMW introduced GDi V12 BMW N73 engine in 2003. This initial BMW system used low-pressure injectors and could not enter lean-burn mode, but the company introduced its second-generation High Precision Injection system on the updated N52 straight-6 in 2006. This system surpasses many others with a wider envelope of lean-burn time, increasing overall efficiency.[14] PSA is cooperating with BMW on a new line of engines which will make its first appearance in the 2007 MINI Cooper S.
General Motors had planned to produce a full range of GDi engines by 2002, but so far only three such engines have been introduced — in 2004, a version of the 2.2 L Ecotec used by the Opel Vectra. In 2005, a 2.0 L Ecotec with VVT technology for the new Opel GT, Pontiac Solstice GXP, and the Saturn Sky Red Line, and in 2007. The same engine is also used in the Super Sport versions of the Chevrolet Cobalt and the Chevrolet HHR. Also in 2007, the 3.6 L LLT became available in the second generation Cadillac CTS as well as the Cadillac STS. GM engines that will utilize direct injection in the immediate future include a 4.5L turbo diesel V8.[15]
In 2004 Isuzu Motors produced the first GDi engine sold in a mainstream American vehicle. Standard on the 2004 Axiom and optional on the 2004 Rodeo. Isuzu claimed the benefit of GDi is that the vaporizing fuel has a cooling effect, allowing a higher compression ratio (10.3 to 1 versus 9.1 to 1) that boosts output by 20 hp (15 kW) and that 0-to-60 times drop from 8.9 to just 7.5 seconds, with the quarter-mile being cut from 16.5 to 15.8 seconds.[16]
Mazda uses their own version of direct injection in the Mazdaspeed 6 / Mazda 6 MPS, the CX-7 sport-utility, and the new Mazdaspeed 3. It is referred to as Direct Injection Spark Ignition.
